Agrarian Nomadic Peoples: These groups often reflect a lunar, matriarchal, and telluric (earth-bound) spirituality, contrasting with the solar, warrior-based ethos of traditional patriarchal civilizations.
Example of Germanic peoples:
1. Sun (Proto-Germanic sōwelō/sōwulō)
– Runic Evidence: In Old Norse and Old English, the sun ᛊ / ᛋ is grammatically feminine.
– Typically Feminine in early Germanic languages (e.g., Old English sunne, Old Norse sól).
– Mythological Association: “Sun Mother” – The sun is often considered feminine, associated with warmth, life, and nurturing energy. Some myths describe the sun as a motherly or goddess-like figure.
- Moon (Proto-Germanic mēnô)
- Runic Evidence: The word is masculine ᛗ in Old Norse and Old English.
- Typically Masculine in early Germanic languages (e.g., Old English mōna, Old Norse máni).
- Mythological Association: “Moon Father” – The moon is typically viewed as masculine, linked to night, cycles, and sometimes war or hunting. The moon is personified as a male deity or warrior.
The sun (die Sonne) is grammatically feminine, while the moon (der Mond) is masculine—an inversion of the traditional solar-masculine and lunar-feminine symbolism characteristic of Solar-Uranian (Indo-Aryan) Civilizations. This linguistic structure reflects the dominance of Demetrian, gynocratic, and telluric forces within these cultures, marking a clear deviation from the sacred solar principle. Similarly, in the semitic language Hebrew, the sun (ha-shemesh) is feminine, and the moon (ha-yareach) is masculine.
Socialism and capitalism, as degenerate expressions of lunar spirituality, did not arise from Jewish influence but from Agrarian Nomadic Peoples. Chthonic-Demetrian peoples meaning Agrarian Nomadic Peoples are marked by democratic, egalitarian, and tribal structures, bound to the immanent and the terrestrial. In contrast, Solar-Uranian (Indo-Aryan) civilizations embody hierarchical order, verticality, and imperial grandeur, oriented toward the transcendent. Metaphysically, chthonic agrarian systems inevitably degenerate into authoritarianism and collapse, enslaved by materialistic forces and earthly determinism.
On the use of the term “Solar-Uranian (Indo-Aryan) Civilizations”:
Julius Evola's use of the term “Solar-Uranian (Indo-Aryan) Civilizations” instead of simply “higher Indo-European traditions”. Here’s why he preferred this formulation:
Solar-Uranian Symbolism: Hyperborean and Olympian Archetypes
- Solar represents the Apollonian principle—order, hierarchy, clarity, and spiritual transcendence, linked to the Hyperborean myth of a primordial polar civilization.
- Uranian refers to Uranus (Ouranos), the Greek sky god, symbolizing the transcendent, celestial, and masculine principle—detached from earthly chaos.
- Together, they signify a warrior-priest ethos—active spiritual mastery, as opposed to passive “lunar” (telluric, chthonic, or matriarchal) civilizations.
- Solar represents the Apollonian principle—order, hierarchy, clarity, and spiritual transcendence, linked to the Hyperborean myth of a primordial polar civilization.
Indo-Aryan vs. Generic “Indo-European”
- Evola distinguished between Aryan (as a spiritual elite) and merely Indo-European (a broader racial-linguistic category).
- “Aryan” in his usage denoted a sacred regal tradition—not just ethnicity but a metaphysical quality of divine kingship (the kshatriya ideal).
- He saw later Indo-European cultures as decadent compared to the primordial Hyperborean-Aryan source.
- Evola distinguished between Aryan (as a spiritual elite) and merely Indo-European (a broader racial-linguistic category).
Rejection of Modern Racial Theories
- Evola criticized biological racism (e.g., Nazi Nordicism) in favor of a spiritual racism—where “Aryan” was a state of being (linked to the svabhāva of Hindu caste doctrine).
- “Solar-Uranian” thus denotes an initiatic quality, not just bloodline. This aligns with his elitist, anti-egalitarian view of history.
- Evola criticized biological racism (e.g., Nazi Nordicism) in favor of a spiritual racism—where “Aryan” was a state of being (linked to the svabhāva of Hindu caste doctrine).
Esoteric and Anti-Historical Perspective
- Unlike mainstream scholars who treat Indo-European traditions as historical developments, Evola saw them as fragments of a lost Golden Age (Satya Yuga).
- Unlike mainstream scholars who treat Indo-European traditions as historical developments, Evola saw them as fragments of a lost Golden Age (Satya Yuga).
Metaphysical part:
The Swastika as a Polar Symbol
The deeper significance of the swastika transcends mere conjectures of modern scholars, connecting instead with a universal tradition found across Indo-Aryan, Hellenic, Egyptian, Celtic, Germanic, and even Aztec cultures. This symbol reflects not just a racial or solar motif but a metaphysical principle—rooted in the Hyperborean origins of the Aryan race.
The swastika is fundamentally a polar symbol, representing the immutable center around which cosmic order revolves. It embodies the “Olympian” spirit—unchanging, sovereign, and superior—contrasting the chaotic forces of becoming. Ancient traditions consistently associate the North with solar kingship, divine fire, and transcendent rulership. The Hyperborean Apollo, the Vedic hvarenô, and the Avestan airyanem waêjô all reflect this solar-polar archetype.
Unlike naturalistic interpretations, the swastika signifies not mere solar rotation but an axis of spiritual power—the cakravartî (world ruler) who governs from an unshakable center. This symbolism extends to sacred geographies: Delphi as the omphalos, Asgard as Midgard, and China as the “Middle Kingdom.” The swastika thus marks the intersection of metaphysical centrality and historical dominion.
Herman Wirth’s error was conflating the pure Nordic-Arctic tradition with later, decadent “Atlantic” influences, introducing chthonic and maternal elements alien to the original Aryan spirit. True Nordic symbolism rejects cyclical dissolution (Dionysian passion, Loki’s chaos) in favor of Apollonian stability—fire not as a natural phenomenon but as a hieratic force.
The swastika, as svastika, encodes an affirmation: su-asti—”it is well.” It heralds the resurgence of the primordial Aryan will against the encroaching darkness. For those destined to rule, it is the sign of the celestial wheel: dynamic yet centered, victorious yet unchanging.
The Hyperborean homeland may be lost to history, but its truth persists—accessible only through the heroic act of spirit. As Pindar and Li-tse taught, the path to the North is not traversed by ship or chariot but by the flight of the transcendent mind. The swastika, in its highest sense, points to this inner awakening—the return to the Olympian pole.
Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
│
├─ Anatolian (extinct)
├─ Tocharian (extinct)
├─ Italic → Romance (French, Spanish, Italian)
├─ Celtic (Irish, Welsh)
├─ Germanic (English, German, Dutch, Swedish)
├─ Balto-Slavic (Russian, Polish, Lithuanian)
├─ Hellenic (Greek)
├─ Indo-Iranian
│ ├─ Iranian (Persian, Pashto)
│ └─ Indo-Aryan (Hindi, Bengali, Punjabi)
├─ Armenian
└─ Albanian
Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
│
├─ Anatolian (extinct). → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
├─ Tocharian (extinct). → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
├─ Italic → Romance. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
Romance (All countries where Romance languages are spoken): Italy: Italian, France: French, Spain: Spanish, Portugal: Portuguese, Romania: Romanian, Moldova: Romanian, Switzerland: French & Romansh, Belgium: Walloon French, Andorra: Catalan, Monaco: French, San Marino: Italian, Vatican City: Latin & Italian.
Minor/Regional Romance Languages:
Italo-Dalmatian Dialects: Corsica (France): Corsican.
Southern Romance Dialects: Sardinia (Italy): Sardinian
Ibero-Romance Dialects: Asturias (Spain): Asturian, Galicia (Spain): Galician.
Gallo-Romance Dialects: Cauchois (Normandy Mainland), Jèrriais (Jersey Norman), Lyonnais, Savoyard (Savoie).
Occitano-Romance Dialects: Occitan (Southern France).
├─ Celtic (Irish, Welsh)
Brittany (France): Breton, Wales: Welsh, Cornwall (UK): Cornish. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
Ireland: Irish Gaelic. → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine).
Isle of Man: Manx, Scotland: Scottish Gaelic. → Total inversion: (Sun: feminine, Moon: feminine).
├─ Germanic (English, German, Dutch, Swedish). → With the exception of the Scots, all Germanic languages reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine).
Germanic (All countries where Germanic languages are spoken): Germany, Austria, Switzerland: German/Swiss German, Netherlands: Dutch, Belgium: Dutch (Flemish) & German, Luxembourg: Luxembourgish, Denmark: Danish, Sweden: Swedish, Norway: Norwegian, Iceland: Icelandic, Faroe Islands: Faroese, United Kingdom: English, Ireland: English.
Extinct Germanic Languages: Burgundian, Gothic, Vandalic.
Minor/Historic Germanic Languages:
Alemannic Dialects: Alsatian (Germanic-influenced, North-East France).
Anglo-Frisian Dialects: Frisian (Netherlands/Germany).
Dutch Dialects: Afrikaans (South Africa/Namibia).
Yiddish Dialects: Yiddish (historically spoken in Central/Eastern Europe).
├─ Balto-Slavic Balto-Slavic languages that do not invert the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine): Bulgaria: Bulgarian, North Macedonia: Macedonian, Russia: Russian, Slovenia: Slovenian. Balto-Slavic languages that reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine): Belarus: Belarusian, Bosnia: Bosnian, Croatia: Croatian, Czech Republic: Czech, Latvia: Latvian, Lithuania: Lithuanian, Montenegro: Montenegrin, Poland: Polish & Kashubian, Serbia: Serbian, Slovakia: Slovak, Ukraine: Ukrainian. Minor Slavic Languages: Sorbian (Germany): Upper Sorbian. Extinct Baltic Language: Old Prussian.
├─ Hellenic (Greek). → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine). Cyprus: Cypriot Greek, Greece: Greek.
├─ Indo-Iranian
│ ├─ Iranian
Afghanistan: Hazaragi & Pashto, Tajikistan: Tajik. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
Afghanistan: Dari, Turkey: Kurdish, Iran: Persian. → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine).
│ └─ Indo-Aryan. → Dual Masculine Polarity (Sun: masculine, Moon: masculine). Bangladesh & India: Bengali, India & Nepal: Bhojpuri, India: Hindi, India & Nepal: Maithili, Nepal: Nepali, Sanskrit, Nepal: Tharu
├─ Armenian. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine). Armenia: Armenian.
└─ Albanian. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine). Albania: Albanian, Kosovo: Albanian, North Macedonia: Albanian minority.
Uralic. → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine). ├── Finno-Ugric │ ├── Finno-Permic │ │ ├── Finno-Samic (Finno-Saamic) │ │ │ ├── Samic (Saami) [Multiple living languages] │ │ │ └── Finnic (Baltic-Finnic) [Estonian, Finnish, etc.] │ │ └── Permic [Komi, Udmurt] │ └── Ugric │ ├── Hungarian (Magyar) │ └── Ob-Ugric │ ├── Khanty (Ostyak) │ └── Mansi (Vogul) └── Samoyedic (Living) ├── Northern Samoyedic │ ├── Nenets │ └── Enets └── Southern Samoyedic └── Selkup
Kartvelian (South Caucasian). → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine). ├── Georgian │ ├── Old Georgian (extinct, liturgical) │ └── Modern Georgian (Standard, Imeretian, Kartlian, etc.) │ ├── Zan (Colchian) │ ├── Mingrelian │ └── Laz │ └── Svan ├── Upper Svan (Lentekhian, Ushgulian) └── Lower Svan (Lashkhian, Cholurian)
Proto-Semitic (around 3750–3500 BCE). → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine).
│
├── East Semitic (Extinct). → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine).
│ └── Akkadian
│ ├── Old Akkadian (around 2500 BCE)
│ ├── Babylonian
│ └── Assyrian
│
├── West Semitic. → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine).
│ │
│ ├── Central Semitic
│ │ ├── Arabic
│ │ │ ├── Classical Arabic
│ │ │ └── Modern Dialects (Egyptian, Levantine, Gulf, etc.)
│ │ │
│ │ └── Northwest Semitic
│ │ ├── Canaanite
│ │ │ ├── Hebrew (Biblical → Modern)
│ │ │ ├── Phoenician → Punic (Extinct)
│ │ │ └── Moabite/Ammonite (Extinct)
│ │ │
│ │ └── Aramaic
│ │ ├── Old Aramaic
│ │ ├── Syriac (Liturgical)
│ │ └── Neo-Aramaic (Turoyo, Assyrian)
│ │
│ └── Ethiopian Semitic (via migration)
│ ├── North Ethiopic (Ge’ez → Tigrinya, Tigré)
│ └── South Ethiopic (Amharic, Harari)
│
└── South Semitic. → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine).
├── Old South Arabian (Extinct: Sabaean, Minaean)
└── Modern South Arabian (Mehri, Soqotri)
Proto-Turkic (Root of all Turkic languages). → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine). │ └── Common Turkic. → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine). │ ├── Oghuz Branch (Southwestern Turkic) │ ├── Turkish (Turkey, Cyprus, Balkans) │ ├── Azerbaijani (Azerbaijan, Iran) │ ├── Turkmen (Turkmenistan) │ └── Gagauz (Moldova, Ukraine) │ ├── Karluk Branch (Southeastern Turkic) │ ├── Uzbek (Uzbekistan) │ └── Uyghur (China, Xinjiang) │ └── Kipchak Branch (Northwestern Turkic) ├── Kazakh (Kazakhstan) ├── Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan) └── Tatar (Russia, Tatarstan)
Sino-Tibetan
├── Sinitic (Chinese languages). → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
├── Tibeto-Burman
│ ├── Bodic (Tibetic)
│ │ ├── Tibetan (Lhasa, Amdo, Kham). → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
│ │ ├── Sherpa (close to Tibetan). → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine).
│ │ └── Tamang (Nepal). → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine).
│ │
│ ├── Himalayish. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
│ │ ├── Newar (Nepal Bhasa)
│ │ └── Kiranti (e.g., Limbu)
│ │
│ ├── Magaric. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
│ │ └── Magar (Nepal)
│ │
│ ├── Lolo-Burmese
│ │ ├── Burmese (including Arakanese, Intha). → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
│ │ └── Loloish (Yi, Naxi, Lisu). → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine).
│ │
│ ├── Sal. → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine).
│ │ ├── Jingpho (Kachin, Myanmar/North-East India)
│ │ └── Achang
│ │
│ └── Bai (Yunnan; debated—possibly an independent branch). → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
└── (Other minor branches)
Tai-Kadai Language Family ├── Kam-Tai (Main Branch). → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine). │ ├── Tai Languages (Tai Proper) │ │ ├── Southwestern Tai (Thai-Lao Branch) │ │ │ ├── Thai (Siamese/Standard Thai) │ │ │ ├── Lao │ │ │ ├── Northern Thai (Lanna) │ │ │ ├── Isan │ │ │ └── Shan (Burma) │ │ │ │ │ ├── Northern Tai (e.g., Zhuang in China) │ │ └── Central Tai (e.g., Nung in Vietnam) │ │ │ └── Kam-Sui (e.g., Dong in China) │ └── Kra (e.g., Gelao in China/Vietnam)
Austroasiatic Language Family ├── Munda Branch (e.g., Santali, Mundari) — Spoken in East India. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine). └── Mon-Khmer Branch ├── Khmer (Cambodian) — Official language of Cambodia. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine). ├── Vietnamese — National language of Vietnam (though heavily Sinicized). → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine). ├── Pearic (e.g., Chong, Samre) — Small languages in Cambodia/Thailand. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine). ├── Bahnaric (e.g., Bahnar, Tampuan) — Spoken in Vietnam/Cambodia. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine). ├── Katuic (e.g., Katu, Bru) — Laos/Vietnam/Cambodia/Thailand. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine). ├── Khmuic (e.g., Khmu) — Laos/Thailand/Vietnam. → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine). └── Other Mon-Khmer languages (e.g., Mon — spoken in Myanmar/Thailand). → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
Proto-Dravidian (around 3000–2000 BCE)
├── North Dravidian. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
│ ├── Kurukh (Oraon)
│ └── Brahui (Pakistan)
│
├── Central Dravidian
│ ├── Telugu (Old Telugu → Modern Telugu). → Dual Masculine Polarity (Sun: masculine, Moon: masculine).
│ └── Gondi (Tribal language). → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
│
└── South Dravidian
├── Tamil-Kannada Branch
│ ├── Old Tamil (Sangam era) → Middle Tamil → Modern Tamil
1. Old Tamil (Sangam Era, 300 BCE – 300 CE). → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
2. Middle Tamil (Medieval Period, 300 CE – 1300 CE). → Dual Masculine Polarity (Sun: masculine, Moon: masculine).
3. Modern Tamil (Post-1300 CE to Present). → Dual Masculine Polarity (Sun: masculine, Moon: masculine).
│ │ ├── Indian Tamil (dialects)
│ │ └── Sri Lankan/Malaysian Tamil
│ │
│ └── Kannada-Tulu Branch
│ ├── Old Kannada → Modern Kannada (with dialects)
│ └── Tulu (spoken in Karnataka/Kerala)
│
└── Malayalam Branch
├── Old Malayalam (from Middle Tamil)
└── Modern Malayalam (heavily Sanskritized)
Mongolic Languages (Modern). → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
│
├── Central Mongolic
│ ├── Khalkha (Mongolia – Standard)
│ ├── Chakhar (Inner Mongolia, China)
│ ├── Ordos (Inner Mongolia, China)
│ ├── Khorchin (Eastern Inner Mongolia)
│ └── Oirat (Mongolia, China, Russia)
│ └── Kalmyk (Russia – Standardized written form)
│
├── Southern Mongolic
│ ├── Shira Yugur (China)
│ └── Monguor (Tu) (China)
│ ├── Huzhu Monguor
│ └── Minhe Monguor
│
└── Dagur (Daur) (Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, China)
Japanese Language. → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine).
Korean Language. → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine).
Austronesian Language Family │ ├── Malayo-Polynesian │ │ │ ├── Philippine Languages (e.g., Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilokano). → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine). │ │ │ ├── Malay/Indonesian │ │ │ └── Oceanic (Polynesian, Micronesian, Melanesian languages) │ │ │ ├── Polynesian Languages. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine). │ │ ├── Hawaiian (Hawaiʻi) │ │ ├── Māori (New Zealand) │ │ ├── Tahitian (French Polynesia) │ │ └── Other Polynesian (Samoan, Tongan, etc.) │ │ │ ├── Micronesian Languages │ │ ├── Chuukese (Chuuk, Federated States of Micronesia). → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine). │ │ └── Others (e.g., Marshallese, Gilbertese). → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine). │ │ │ └── Fijian (Fiji, part of the Melanesian subgroup). → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine). │ └── Formosan Languages (Indigenous languages of Taiwan). → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
Australian Aboriginal Languages │ ├── Non-Pama-Nyungan (Northern Australia) │ │ │ └── Yolŋu Matha (Arnhem Land, Northern Territory). → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine). │ │ │ ├── Dhuwal (most widely spoken). → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine). │ │ ├── Gupapuyŋu │ │ └── Djambarrpuyŋu │ │ │ ├── Dhaŋu (e.g., Gälpu, Golumala). → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine). │ ├── Dhuwala (e.g., Gumatj, Rirratjŋu). → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine). │ └── Nhangu (coastal dialects). → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine). │ └── Pama-Nyungan (most other Australian languages). → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine).
Afro-Asiatic
├── Berber. → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine).
├── Hausa. → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine).
├── Oromo. → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine).
├── Somali. → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine).
└── Tigrinya. → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine).
Niger-Congo
├── Akan. → Reverse the solar/lunar polarity: (Sun: feminine, Moon: masculine).
├── Igbo. → Total inversion: (Sun: feminine, Moon: feminine).
├── Kikuyu. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
├── Shona. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
├── Yoruba. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
├── Dinka. → Dual Masculine Polarity (Sun: masculine, Moon: masculine).
└── Luo. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
Nilo-Saharan
├── Kanuri. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
└── Maasai. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
Khoe-Kwadi
└── Juǀ’hoansi. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
Bantu (Niger-Congo subfamily)
├── Lingala. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
└── Swahili. → No inversion (Sun: masculine, Moon: feminine).
Aquitanian (1st–5th century AD, attested in personal/god names). → Total inversion: (Sun: feminine, Moon: feminine).
│
├─► Proto-Basque (Reconstructed ancestor, pre-Roman era)
│ │
│ ├─► Early Medieval Basque (Post-Roman, pre-standardization)
│ │ │
│ │ └─► Latin/Romance Influence (5th–15th century, vocabulary borrowings)
│ │
│ └─► Dialectal Diversification (Medieval period)
│ │
│ ├─► Western Basque (Biscayan, Gipuzkoan)
│ └─► Eastern Basque (Navarrese, Souletin, Lapurdian)
│
└─► Modern Basque (Euskara) (Standardized as “Euskara Batua” in 20th century)
Capitalism & Socialism: From Agrarian Nomadic Peoples #AgrarianNomadicPeoples #AgrarianNomadic